Common Practices in Religion Essay Example for Free

Common Practices in Religion EssayWhat is Religion?The term trust comes from the Latin word religare which means to bind. In the world like a shot, there are different forms of unearthly groups and followings that have unique beliefs and practices depending on their history. It is estimated that there are thousands of trusts in the world, including the mainstream religious groups and others that are not known. wholeness of the uncouth characteristics of religious groups is that they all believe in the existence of a imperious being. However, there are those who dont believe in piety. For such(prenominal) people, religion only assumes the existence of a supreme being while there is no substantive evidence to support the said belief. According to Norris Inglehart, done with(predicate) the practice of atheism, atheists believe that religion is just a fallacy that might have developed in the past and passed on from generation to generation through the various teachings in culture (2011).For enthusiasts, the reason people are afraid to question religious teachings is because of the fear of repercussions that are likely to occur due to such disbelief. Under this context, religion was assumed to be a creation of scholarly studies in the past with philosophers trying to establish how religion came into being. The major question is what religion is all about and what entails the aspects of it. For most people, there is a thin line between culture and religion. This explains why different cultures have their specific religion and beliefs. However, there are various contentious issues that have never been solved over the years. One thing that would totally shift the paradigm and, in extension, the balance of nature, is if it off out that no supreme beings the religions are based upon exist. Such a situation would totally erode the gains made in the religious world today and also lead to mass confusion among the staunch religious followers.However, some o f the religious beliefs are so strongthat they cannot be influenced by any emergent trend regarding their faith. Most of the common definition of religion excludes some fundamental facts about religion and offering an adequate explanation of what religion is (Hood et al., 2009). From a world(a) perspective, religion is commonly defined as the belief in God. This belief, however, is considered as vague as it excludes some of the ideas that characterize some religious followings such as atheism. If religion was to be solely defined as the belief in God, what would the other religious groups that either believe in a different supreme being and those of atheism be referred to as?This tendency of generalization is what often causes some misconception that is associated with how religion is defined. Then what is the worldview of religion and how is it defined in different places close to the world? There are arguments that religion is not hard to define, scarcely rather it is the peop le themselves who often create the confusion regarding its definition. According to Heelas (2005), one of the superlative challenges is how to define religion without excluding any religious beliefs or followings in the word today. However, there is a conventional way of defining religion which incorporates the primary bedrock of religion. The following are the fundamentals of religion The belief in a supernatural being.A clear unequivocalion of what is regarded as the moral way of doing things in accordance with the different religious beliefs and practices. Various rituals that are commonly attributed to the religious groups from different parts of the world. Religious groups have various rituals that characterize the specific religion and establish a code of conduct in which members are supposed to operate. A specific way of communicating with God is done through prayers. However, distinct religious groups have a specific way of praying and other practices that accompany praye rs. Different religious feelings that are often experienced whenever the practice is taking place.In some religious groups, members engage in incarnations and a sense of adoration. In other groups, however, there is always the aspect of guilt and repentance during religious sermons. From this approach, the worldview associate to religion and what religion entails becomes clear. In most cases, it is believed that religion and religious groups in extensions are very different. This explains why there is no single approach as to what entailsreligious practices. However, there is a common characteristic of religion that can be used to generalize the practice from a worldview perspective.In the world today, religion continues to shape the life of the people, whereby the religious followings and teachings provide a guideline on how people are supposed to live and interact with each other and with God. The mainstream religious groups attract millions of followers, which is an indication o f just how strong religious faith is. In addition, there are thousands of religious followings that are not captured in the mainstream studies of religion but continue to exist with their distinct religious practices. Religion can, therefore, be universally defined as a compilation of religious systems that share a common belief and focus on the unique characteristics of the members of religious faith.ReferencesHeelas, P., Woodhead, L., Seel, B., Tusting, K., Szerszynski, B. (2005). The Spiritual Revolution Why Religion is Giving Way to Spirituality. Blackwell. Hood Jr, R. W., Hill, P. C., Spilka, B. (2009). Psychology of religion An experimental approach. Guilford Press. Norris, P., Inglehart, R. (2011). Sacred and secular Religion and politics worldwide. Cambridge University Press.

Child Protection Enquiry UK | Policy and History

Child shield Enquiry UK Policy and HistoryThe solve of the essay is to discuss and explain the fry trade protection enquiry, its surgical operation, purpose legislation and critical issues. An accompanying leaflet has been designed to highlight the Child Protection enquiry taking into account age, diversity, oppression and anti-discriminatory practices incorporated. The age group pore on the leaflet is Young Persons aged 11-19. In addition, a commentary to comelyify the rationale for the design, content and structure go out alone be carried out. Fin completelyy, an evaluation of how the issues discussed in the leaflet and essay have contributed to learning and relevance to future practice.The focus of the new millennium according to DfES (2005) is safeguarding and promoting the eudaimonia of the minor which by comment is the process of protecting children from guy or neglect, encumbering impairment of their health and development, and ensuring they atomic flake 18 growing up in circumstances consistent with the provision of safe and effective headache which is infrainterpreted so as to en fitted children to have optimum life chances and enter adulthood successfully (DfES 2005a, p11). Wilson and James (2007) citing Working to wash upher to safeguard children (HM Government 2005a p 19 Para. 1.19) define child protection as the activity which is undertaken to protect specific children who are suffering or at risk of suffering square harm.In her view Gil (1970) considers that Child maltreat consists of anything which individuals, institutions or processes do or fail to do which directly harms children or damages their prospects of safe, healthy development into adulthood. This definition was adapted by the National Commission of Inquiry into the Prevention of Child Abuse.Bentovim (1998) sustain that there is strong association among signifi tail assemblyt harm and equivocal attachments, citing Carlson et al (1989) who found out that more than 80% of signifi earth-closettly harmed infants had disorganised attachments compared to less than 20% in a non maltreated comparison group. J geniuss et al 1999 still supports that all told disturbances in case of child maltreatment are linked to the relationship with parents own experiences. Attachment difficulties are associated with parental childhood experiences of Abuse and Deprivation, agnate Personality Difficulties as well as Functional Illnesses such as Depression. It is substantial to identify parent child attachment difficulties to make sound disturbance where there is evidence in literature that persisting Parent/ Child attachment combined with evidence of psychological maltreatment on follow up is a consistent finding.Additionally Wilczynski (1997) cited in Wilson and James (2007) ascertain that the most consequence of child maltreatment is death which indicates the necessity for early interpolation to baffle the deaths of young children. It was estimated in 2003 that in the UK that the occurance of maltreatment leading to death is nine per 1 one million million million children and as high as 24 per 1 million in USA. UNICEF (2003). The main perpetrators in most cases it was revealed were biological parents and the most affected age group was children under five course of studys particularly babies under one year, (Brown and Lynch (1995), UNICEF (2003). This suggested that there is need to predict , prevent and protect children from birth, Axford and Bullock (2005) and the Assessment of children and families (DOH et al 2000, Brown et al 2006). As a necessity to prevent deaths and severe consequences intervention should take into account the family structure and normally comes in subsequently contendd a fatal consequence or maltreatment has already occurred. overprotective factors need to be put in place as a deterent to raising family standards, resilience to affable and environmental stress Brown and Herbert (1997).Essentially i t is through and through assessment that the needs of such children are identified that the needs of such children are identified as the starting point of intervention. Assessment as define by Wilson and James (2007) is identifying the needs of children at risk of encountering significant harm so as to put in place safeguarding measures that will labour their offbeat and social welfare. Reder et al (1993), Munro (1999) and Buckley (2003) cited in Howarth (2005b) observed that in cases of maltreatment effective assessment is essential as the basis to inform meaningful syllabusning/ intervention which will promote better outcomes for children and families. This depends on professional knowledge, skills and ability to engage in multi-disciplinary team work, the child and the family to identify family needs. Additionally practitioners need to be certain of challenges and factors that can distort assessment such as perception of abuse, their values and beliefs and the application o f theory to practice.Parton (1991) cited in Scourfield (2003) argue that one of the most contested fond issue is child protection. The main reason being that the state is seen to intervene with families so as to protect vulnerable children, at the same time expectant respect to the family unit structure. This has raised frequent scrutiny with concerns that the state has non intervened enough to protect children or social workers have been accused to negligent and non having identified significant harm. On the new(prenominal)(a)(a) hand they are accused to have intervened too much and unnecessarily moveing on families. Typical examples highlighting the disputation are (the inquiries into the deaths of Jasmine Beckford, Kimberly carlile, Ricky Nearve, Victoria Climbe and baby P. On the other hand too much intervention was cited in child abuse investigatings in Cleveland 1987, Pooch dale and Orkney) just to name a few Scourfield (2003).These contradictions and dilemmas are b elieved to originate from the increasing recognition that child abuse is socially constructed. This is dependent on dissimilar commentators perspectives of abuse and harm. apparently this perspective will raise the argument whether the intervention to be carried is supportive or authoritative and reactive. Munro (2002) believes abuse is ways of treating a child in a harmful and morally wrong manner that impacts on their socio-psycho wellbeing. In trying to define abuse variations from different socio-economic and cultural backgrounds/values is to be considered. as yet article 19 of the 1989 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) agreed on an International formulation to condemn child abuse. This defined abuse as all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation including sexual abuse. Furthermore it is pregnant to acknowledge the British national commission of inquiry into the prevention of child abuse which broadened its scope outside the family. They hold that child abuse consists of anything which individuals, institutions, or processes to or fail to do which directly or indirectly harms children or damages their prospects of safe and healthy development into adulthood National Commission, (19962). All the above definitions bring up harm as a result of follow throughs, omissions or exploitation. As mentioned earlier individual societies in conjunction with their wakeless systems supply more detailed definitions and guidelines. The UK reciteliness through the department of health and social security 1988 categorised the following specifications as guidelines and standards. These are physical abuse, stirred up abuse, sexual abuse and neglect. Explain these or not see word count? Munro (2002).The Children profess (1989) was set up as a measure to encourage partnership working between families and the state. It also encouraged the provision of family support t o reduce the risk of severe consequences resulting in coercive state intervention. Prevention was expanded from simply to prevent children flood tide into care but to focus on providing function that helped and promoted families to up bring their children within their families Munro (2007). According to the incite family preservation is paramount and fundamental as well as partnership working with parents. Nevertheless it is not always the case that some parents who are neglectful and abusive sometimes see or have no capacity to constructively and systematically engage with social service intervention which try to help them. Some it is suggested become hostile, aggressive and abusive clearly not entertaining any advise or any interference with their family life. With such a contest going on the child will continue to be affected and further significant harm whitethorn occur during this contest. As said earlier social workers need to be sure of such parents and situations and ac t accordingly in this case in the scoop up interest of the child who will be the focal point Bell and Wilson (2003).In the early 1990s a number of cases involving organised and institutional abuse were revealed which were outside the family context. The most prominent one being the Orkney incident in which children were taken into care following allegations of organised sexual abuse. The court hearing dismissed the case after five weeks leading the children to be returned home. Media topage concluded impairment on caring parents fighting injustice inflicted by intolerant inconsistent social workers. This enquiry led to the selling up of regulations and procedures for dealing with organised abuse Bell (1999). Messages from search (1995) published and summarised the functioning of the child wellbeing system. It revealed cumulative effect of adverse publicity and policy assortments that pinpointed professionals especially social workers as prioritising abuse concerns over other t ypes of referrals. There was a division between child protection and child abuse and revealed an emphasis on tackling immediate risks to the child and ignoring the wider social and psychological needs. There was a call to refocus of child protection in a holistic child in need context not just protection from abuse. Messages from Research (1995). (Bell 1999, Thoburn, Lewis and Shemmings 1995) revealed that the emotional impact of investigation on families whether guilty or innocent is traumatic and intrusive. Professionals need to be aware of this impact on families and seek to minimise it.The death of Victoria Climbe was a shocking event that revealed abuse and inconsistencies within professionals who had seen her. A public inquiry led by Lord Lamming (2003) also revealed that the voice of the child was ignored despite so many professionals being involved. Laming Report (2003). Gough (1997) assets that search revealed that not too often children are ignored as a active participant s either as a source of knowledge/ information about their family situation/ circumstances or a reliable source of opinion on what needs to be done. Laming Report (2003). Contrary to this shortcoming one of the Childrens Act 1989 is to respect the childrens views and wishes about key decisions touching their lives. The Act guarantees that childrens wishes and feelings must be taken into account in any matter that affects or involve them be it in court hearings, reviews and meetings. This also applies to Looked after children by local governing, they have greater rights and voice on the quality and care they receive. Coby (2006)The death of Victoria Climbe prompted the safeguarding agenda and policy any Child Matters sort for the Children Treasury (2003). The agenda proposed a radical transformation of both(prenominal) the organisation and culture of practice from a reactive service for a few to a more pro-active approach where all childrens needs are identified addressed at gra ss roots level before escalating to major serious problems. forward-looking ideas such as the integrated childrens work would be essential tools. The every child matters agenda highlighted 5 outcomes for children i.e. are healthy, staying safe, enjoy contribution, and achieve economic wellbeing. Every Child Matters (2003). Working together to safeguard children DFES (2006b) highlighted the new arrangements to be implemented by different agencies to promote inter-agency co-operation to safeguarding and respond to the concerns that a child might be at risk of significant harm.The child protection policy and practice begins when a concern has been raised that a child may be at risk of abuse through neglect, physical, emotional, sexual harm. A number of sources could raise such a concern ranging from NSPCC, patrol, social services, a parent, neighbours, health worker, or contain or t severallyer from school/nursery. It might be the case that some concerns are made anon.ly or malicio us. At times some anonymous concerns turn out to be true and this call that they are treated seriously. As in short as any concern is raised kindly services will act as soon as possible Buckley (2003). The firstborn response at the early stage is to make enquiries about the family concerned with other agencies linked to it such as schools, hospitals, GP, nursery or health services by carrying out an initial assessment following LSCB procedures. Initial assessment as defined by the Framework for the Assessment of Children in need and their families (DH 2000) is a brief assessment of each child referred to social services with a necessitate for services to be provided.If the core assessment concludes that a child is in need of further support they will be classified as a child in need as defined by Section 17 of the Childrens Act 1989. The section mentions that it is the duty of the local authority to provide services to safeguard and promote the childs welfare and needs. If no ha rm is suffered the case is closed. If need be that the child needs to be seen by a S/W or police this is usually done within 24 hours after the allegation has been reported. When these initial enquiries are complete a decision is made as to whether there is need to pursue the matter or no further action required it is the duty of social workers to inform parents of any developments as soon as possible. Information such as the source of the allegation will be given to parents as long as it does not put the investigation into jeopardy or put anyone at risk. If for instance the allegation came from an institutional source like nursery, hospital or school it will be revealed. Members of the public names or identities are not revealed.During skepticisming or inquiries if it becomes necessary to ask a child/ the victim parents may be allowed to be make up or may not be allowed if they are the perpetrators mainly or for any other reason. Depending on circumstances, Social Worker will wor k with both parents and child but in the best interest of the child. This is the time when parents can explain their views, concerns and what actions to be taken to address the concerns. Parents are also interviewed with their language if they dont deliver English an interpreter will be available by social worker. If the need be the child may be seen by a recompense or paediatrician to ascertain what happened, treat the injuries or to seek clarity on injuries. Parents need to give permission for this if they refuse a court order will be sought for permission to have a medical examination. If a parent does not agree with proceedings they may seek sound advice. If a child is old enough to understand they may agree to be examined themselves if it is proved that they are old enough to, make such a judgement. All this is dependent on how well a child understands what is happening Merrick (1996).The medical examination is dependent on the nature of alleged abuse. It is important for the bear on to have a full understanding of the childs health and development. The examination forms part of the enquiry process as it is a way of gathering evidence and exert any evidence to understand the abuse. The examination will reassure the parent and child that they will recover. The child may have preferences of who conducts the exam and who should be present. Social worker will also accompany or be present. If the results of the examination convince social workers that injuries were accidental not abuse no further action is taken. If the results conclude that there is likely to be significant harm or abuse further enquiries will be carried out. This may also involve enquiries regarding other family members so as to ensure that no harm has happened to them. A video recording interview may follow conducted by Social Worker and police if maybe they want to sue. This will also help if police want to pursue criminal proceedings. This is done by trained officers who specialise in these procedures. It may be the case that the police need to remove the child from parents care to safeguard their protection and welfare. All necessary arrangements will be made in line with the intention of keeping the child within their family. If necessary Social Services may call a child protection conference if there is evidence of significant harm. Parents are invited and all the professionals involved with the child as well. These include social workers, police officers, doctors and other people interested in the welfare of the child.If the child is classified as having suffered or at risk of significant harm a strategy discussion meeting is pursued. A meeting consisting of all professionals from relevant agencies will meet to decide whether to proceed with a section 47 inquiry under the Children Act 1989. Under section 47 the topical anesthetic Authority will investigate the case of a child in their area. Serious case review is conducted by the Local Safeguarding Children Board when a child dies or seriously injured, abused or neglected. This is an inter agency forum set up by Local Authorities to define and agree how best professional groups co-operate to safeguard children and also to ensure good outcomes for children are in place and achieved . Working Together to Safeguard Children Guidance (2010)Buckley (2003) identifies Child protection conference as a meeting arranged by social services if people are worried about a childs Safety. Child Protection meeting is carried out to decide whether a child is still at risk of continuous significant harm. The purpose of child protection conference is to bring under one roof all concerned and interested parties who are key to the welfare /wellbeing of the child. These include care professionals, medical professionals, constabularyyers, police, teachers and nursery practitioners. An independent child protection advisor chairs the conference and will meet the parents before the conference to explain all p rocedures and objectives of the meeting. Previously it was observed before the conference was introduced that the Child Protection system was regarded as inefficient and lacking since all stakeholders were not united and did not communicate effectively amongst themselves exposing a child to further harm and creating opportunity for further harm by not addressing potential risks or communicating concerns. All professionals who attend the conference are required to evaluate the welfare of the child, coiffe if there is potential danger and decide whether to put the child on the protection register. Care professionals will also decide course of action, such as upholding legal proceedings or criminal investigation if a decision to put the child on the protection register. A child protection plan is designed to control future proceedings regarding safety/welfare of child. The plan will highlight roles within the inter agency and enhance productive converse between individual agencies. After three months a further meeting is held to review and monitor progress. Every six months review child protection conferences are carried out. If any concerns or any of the elements in the plan are not working well they can be altered. There will also be discussion on every conference whether your child needs to remain on the Child Protection register. Access to file, confidentiality and complaints procedures will be adhered to.A number of legislation is relevant to the Child Protection agenda. The Childrens Act 1989 believes Children are generally best looked after within the family, with both parents compete a full and without resorting to legal proceedings. The welfare of the child is significant and their wishes should be taken into account seriously. The act seeks where possible to protect children within their families. A number of provisions were designed to improve the family and home environment to protect children. Inter communication between multi disciplinary agenc ies was encouraged to indentify/ address risks to a child/children so as to safeguard and protect children. Sections 17. 27 and 47 (cite) the Childrens Act 2004 highlights the need for increased accountability, integrated planning, multi- disciplinary planning and delivery of services and above all providing for children with special needs. The Human Rights Act 1998 embraces the European Convention on human Rights into UK law. Although it does not specifically mention children because they are treated as soulfulnesss in the eyes of the law just as adults. The adoption and Childrens Act 2002 amends the Childrens Act 1989 by recognising the definition of harm to include witnessing domestic violence.Following Victoria Climbes death at the age of eight Lord Laming was asked to conduct an inquiry to establish whether a new legislation was needed or any other recommendations to improve the Child Protection in England. As a response keeping child safe report (Dfes 2003) and the Every Chi ld Matters Green Paper DEFS (2003) which later became Childrens Act (2004). The Childrens Act (2004) does not add/ subtract anything from Childerens Act 1989 preferably it sets out an approach to integrate services to children so that every child matters meets the five outcomes being safe, healthy, achieve, enjoy, make a positive contribution and achieve economic wellbeing.The Childrens Act further places a duty to Local Authorities to appoint childrens Commissioner for England who is accountable for the delivery of service. Local authorities and their partners (police, health services and the youth justice system) have a duty to co-operate in promoting the wellbeing of children and young people and to make necessary arrangements to promote childrens welfare and wellbeing. As required in the lay out working together to safeguard children statutory guidance, non statutory ( area in protecting committees are replaced by the new local safeguarding children bears. They are trusted with further functions of reviewing and investigating (section 14) which they use to review all child deaths in their area. It also revises legislation regarding physical penalty by do it an offence to hit a child to an extent of causing mental harm on the skin (section 58) which repeats the defence provided to parents on reasonable chastisement of the children and Young Persons Act 1993.The 2006 Children and Adoption Act enforces contact / contact orders when separated parents are in dispute giving more flexible powers to incite contact. As recommended in the Care Matters White Paper (Dfes 2007) the children and Young Persons Act is expected to give and provide high quality care and services for children in care and places a duty on registrars to notify local safeguarding board on all deaths Daniel and Ivatts (1998).The Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009 requires UK Border Agency to recognise and promote safedguarding childrens welfare section 55 in line with other publi c organisations that have contact with children. The apprenticeships,skills, children and Leaarning Act 2009 requires two local lay community members school term on each local safeguarding children board. Some of the provisions in the Act have been targeted for repealing by the coalition government including the duty on schools to promote the wellbeing of children and the requirement to set up childrens trust and draw up children and Young Peoples plans (Dfe 2010)There is also legislation that has been set up to protect children by observe adults who pose a risk,creating offences which they can be charged and stopping them from working with children. These are the sex offenders Act 1997, Sexual Offences Act 2003, Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003, Domestic Violence , Crime and Victims Act 2004 guidance on offences against children,the serious organisational crime and police Act 2005, the Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 after the death of Holly and Jessica. The hale marri ages Act Civil Protection 2007 and the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008. Out of all the legislation it is important to mention that they do not cover the minimum age at which a child may be left alone and how old a baby sitter should be.Having explored the child protection system and legislation it is important to address one of the critical debates in the topic which is Does child protection work in all communities especially the cultural minority and disabled groups? Most recent research carried out has revealed so far some of the issues which are far reaching as shortcomings. It has been suggested that new research shold explore the family structures and values on how different ethnic minority groups slip into situations requiring child protection. Highly focused studies are neede to focus and understand how some practices and beliefs in specific minority groups such as genital mutilation or the racial abuses of mixed heritage children brought up in white families. Qua litative studies into attitudes towards sexuality in different cultural and faith groups. Maybe the time limits regulating initial assessment s into culturally sensitive work re impacting on mazy work to be properly carried out (such as refugee families) The courts , conbferences and social work practice must be aware and pay attention to the needs of ethnic minoritoies . If these are addressed then the child protection system will be ethnically tolerant and culturally competent in the best of the chid and as hood practice. Thoburn et al (2006).Disabled children are more still likely to be abused and neglected because they rely on institutions which have a history of failing over the past decades. The institutions either lack the resources, capacity and hydrofoil in addressing abuse/neglect and also inefficient procedures to guarantee disclosure to assist disabled children to overcome the communication barrier especially on abuse. Worse still there is more vulnerability to childr en whose parents are disabled. There is more likeliness of them being taken into care on the grounds of neglect than those children whose parents are not disabled. Organisations and local authorities need more structures in place and transparency to help vulnerable children and families to be able to communicate and express their worries, fears and anxieties Corby (2006).LEAFLET COMMENTARY 500 WORDS NEGLECT AND EMOTIONAL ABUSE. WHY THIS AREA? It has been a neglected area since the death of Maria Colwell Professionals focused on physical and sexual abuse. This meant the neglect and emotionally abused children and their families were not adequately represented therefore getting limited resources and being filtered out of the Child protection system. When the Childrens Act 1989 was introduced it tried to address these issues and further went on to introduce registrations in the neglect/ emotional abuse category. This commitment is of great significance to practitioners whose objectiv e is to tackle any form of child maltreatment as resources became available.Development of Identity as a Blogger ProposalDevelopment of Identity as a Blogger ProposalPiyas RoyFORMATION AND TRANSFORMATION OF BLOGGER AS AN IDENTITY IN BANGLADESHINTRODUCTIONGeneral OverviewAs first evolved, the idea of being a web logger, always been counted as someone being technologically advanced, as long as a socially aware person with a good knowledge on contemporary reality with a good sense of expression through different forms of text. The identity of a web logger in the early days was so influential that, creative thinkers having least knowledge on blogging got huge interest over it and started to introduce themselves as a blogger, instead of just a creative fellow or a writer or anything else. But a single incident took place in the year of 2013 has drastically changed the scenario. Peoples of Bangladesh, where the res publicas population is Muslim majority, started treating the bloggers in a generalized way as Islam hater atheists in general. Not only the disparity in ideology, but the situation turned so awful that holding the religious agenda, incidences like assassination of bloggers started taking place in the history of Bangladesh. In this study, I will try to find the formation and reformation of blogger, as an identity in Bangladesh thorough its impact on socio-religious ideology and how the ideology of freethinker bloggers get perceived by the members of different stakeholders.Background of the StudyBeing introduced in the year or 1996, the initial use of VSAT and dial-up based internet brought first change in Bangladeshi computing with the world wide web while the cyber space gathering was mostly based on yahoo groups (Sabir, 2015). On the other hand Justin Halls created the first ever blog in the internet history opened a new dimension which has been categorized and name by Weblog by online diarist Jorn Barger in December 1997. As the technology got imp roved Blogger introduced the first ever free blogging platform in August 1999 which was a revolution for the blogger community, though that blogging was in an individualistic manner for each blogger to writing blog post separately onto their own platform (Thompson, 2006). For Bangladeshi bloggers the first subversive attempt was somewhereinblog.net which started the community Bengali blogging platform from 15 December of 2005. Bloggers of which platform later on diversified in some other platforms like amarblog.com, sachalayatan.com, mukto-mona.com and so on, turning blogging as a trend for the people of new generation. The trend of blogging turned so popular that some mainstream newspapers online version and online newspapers like the Daily Prothom Alo, introduced blogging celerity as a scope of citizen journalists for inviting bloggers to become voice for the voiceless citizens. The first generation bloggers have not bounded within the lines of blogs only, but also widened their blogging in social network platforms also, mostly in Facebook.In February 6 2013, The International Crimes Tribunal-2 sentenced Jamaat-e-Islami leader Abdul Quader Mollah to life in prison for his against humanity role during the liberation war of Bangladesh. To raise voice against that unfair verdict Bloggers and Activist Network initiated the protest by organizing a human chain in front of the National Museum, which combust the huge nationalist endeavour of Shahbagh, demanding the death penalty of war criminals or Liberation war of 1971. When the rebellion movement was at its pick, a blogger and one of the initiator of Shahbagh movement Ahmed Rajib Haidar, was found dead by stabbing on February 15 near his house. From investigation, it was found that Rajib was threatened by some Islamic Fundamentalists for his involvement with Shahbagh movement and his online activities in against of Islamic sentiment. That particular assassination has started the series of cleansing in Bangl adesh, targeting the bloggers and online activists. The next victim was another blogger Mamun Hossain, who has been hacked to death in Dhaka with the same learnedness of spreading hate speeches in against of Islamic religious sentiment. Another private university student and online activist Ashraful Islam also found dead in his flat in Savar, having a deep cut injury in throat. Islamic fundamentalistics got accused for this case also. Some of those attacks got failed, such as in case of blogger Asif Mohiuddin, later who has to leave unpolished and started living in United Kingdom, as provided Asylum by the government for his life threat in Bangladesh. In March 2013, in a meeting with Prime Ministers Office Allama Muhammad Mahbub Alam, Editor of Dainik Al Ihsan accompanied with a group of Islamic fundamentalists suggested repentance (tauba) for the bloggers who are accused of making offensive statements against Islam and its Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) enclosing a list of 84 bl oggers acting in that objectionable norms and a request to the government to shut down all those blog sites including somewhereinblog.net, amarblog.com, mukto-mona.com, sachalayaton.com and some others which are severely used by claimed atheists for spreading anti Islamic ideology, according to their claim. It was also found that the series or killing was miraculously following that list of 84 provided by Islamist leaders. That series killing has got an update this year on February 26, by the brutal assassination of freethinker, founder for Muktomona blog and science writer Avijit Roy near Ekushey Book Fair. Avijits wife and another blogger Rafida Ahmed Bonya got severely wounded during that same attack after recovering has to leave country and fly back to USA alone, from where those two came to Bangladesh to visit this years book fair few days ago. Prime suspect Farabi Shafiur Rahman got arrested by law enforcement agencies few days later, as he was accused for dour Avijit over so cial networks for last few years due to his pro thinking and writings. On the contrary a miscreant cyber group Ansarullah Bengali Team claims their success in murdering Blogger Avijit through their Twitter Account. Here is not the end. Till date the a la mode(p) incident took place with blogger Washiqur Rahman, on March 30 in Dhaka for the same acquisition of anti Islamist writing and practicing atheism in public sphere. Analyzing the tot up series of killing, the acquisition comes in front referring the bloggers and online activists being atheist and anti Islamist. Basically that identity of bloggers was used as an effective weapon by the Jamaat-e-Islami to steal the attention of people from the revolutionary demand of punishing the war criminals of 1971 with maximum penalty. On the contrary either the bloggers are being threatened of killing, leaving the country for securing their life, or started leading a new life leaving the unforgotten blogger identity aside, for the sake of security.Operational DefinitionBlogThe word blog is a gelded form of the word Weblog, which refers to some websites, easily counted as the digital version of diary, where the publisher write posts in regular basis with identical date stamps for the posts for each days separately. Though firstly blog writing was and individual task for each blogger, later on community blogging platforms like forums or community blog sites evolved with the feature of all the bloggers to gather in a single space so share their thoughts and to place opinion on each others ideas.BloggerIn general, the people who writes blog regularly, is known as blogger. But in case of Bangladeshi people someone who has the authority to write something over net profit either in blogs or in social media platforms, be counted as blogger.Research QuestionThroughout this research, I will try to find out the possible answers for the following questionsHow the identity of blogger in different blog sites is formulated in Ba ngladesh?How the ideological warfare between bloggers in real space has been create by that of the virtual space?How the ideology of blogger has been perceived by different stakeholders/groups?Research ObjectivesAfter the successful completion of this study we will be ableTo understand the building blocks of blogger identity in Bangladesh and its changing form as time passes due to several socio-religious factors.To know how stakeholders from different classes of the society perceive the thought of blogging and the ideology the bloggers promote.To understand the view of blogger community members regarding the current trend of blogging and online activity in Bangladesh.To have a clear scenario of blogging in Bangladesh and to assume its future trend. rule of the projectFor last two years the issue of bloggers has been emerged with high importance. In one side, group of miscreants backed by the fundamentalist are constantly threatening the bloggers to stop their activities against t he religious believe. On the contrary, in spite of having the fear of death in front, the bloggers are continuing their activities using different blog sites even in Facebook as platform. To take a control over it, government introduced The Information and Communication Technology Act, 2006, having a very few impact on the bloggers activity. On the contrary the series death incidents of the bloggers turned the governments role under fire on ensuring citizens life security. More specifically the after the brutal death of Avijit Roy, a Bangladeshi American blogger and write known for pioneering Bengali freethinkers has put Bangladeshi law and order system under question in the international periphery. As long as the bloggers, the involved Islamic fundamental forces can be perceived having related to the international Islamic terrorist movement, which can also be a threat to Bangladeshs global image and its diplomatic relation with other countries.So undoubtedly the issue regarding blo ggers is a highly emerged one among the contemporary Bangladeshi social issues.Significance of the ResearchTill date, some blogs post, articles have been worked on bloggers identity formation and reformation in Bangladesh, in a scattered manner in different platforms from online publications, social media to newspapers. But no academic research has been done yet on such important topic. I hope this research can focus on the subjected topic immensely to have a better idea about the bloggers identity issues along with the ideological warfare of virtual world, impacting on the rage of fundamentalist in against of blogger community as a whole.Scopes and LimitationsGeneral purposeTo determine the way how different stakeholders perceive the identity of a blogger, how that identity can come across evolution influenced by social factors and finally how the identity of virtual space can impact in real world.Subject matterBlogger identity, ideological clash with fundamentalism and its accepta nce and denial in different categories of stakeholders in the society.Limitation of studyThis research will focus on the identity formation of only the Bangladeshi bloggers. Bloggers from other countries will not be accountable in this research. Also in different social issues bloggers often got involved in creating public opinion and awareness, even getting opposing with the governmental or any other influential forces. But all the ideological conflict issue will not be covered in this research. Instead of only bloggers ideological clash with the fundamentalist Islamic force, their ideological warfare will be counted as the matter to discuss about throughout this research work.Population or universeBloggers and online activists playing the role of acting force of fundamentalist movement, Stakeholders from different phase of society.Locale of the studyBloggers and associated different stakeholders originated in Bangladesh.Period of the study From the historical point from where exp edition of community blogging started its journey to 2016.BibliographySabir, S. A. (2015, February 04). History Evolution of Bangladesh Internet. Retrieved April 19, 2015, from Bangladesh Network Operators Group http//www.bdnog.org/v2/conference_paper/Bangaldesh-Internet.pdfThompson, C. (2006, February 20). The Early Years A Timeline of How Blogging All Began. Retrieved April 19, 2015, from NYMag http//nymag.com/news/media/15971/

Examining Violence In Titus Andronicus Film Studies Essay

Examining Violence In Titus Andronicus Film Stu cronks EssayTitus Andronicus is probably unriv each(prenominal)ed of the most disreputable and violent plays that the poet and playwright William Shakespeargon has ever written. But unconstipated if this certain revenge play is unheard-of, there is still a lot of room for variant, even more than than when it is comp atomic number 18d to a guide version. One could for subject comment on the several murders, the apprisenibalism, the rape, the dismemberment of human bodies and so on.Thus, revenge and force are an important head in this play and that is why I de break down analyze the presentation of force play in Julie Taymor s version of Titus Andronicus named Titus and released in 2000, and compare it to the representation of violence in the primary source. What I would like to demonstrate is that in the film violence is presented in a howling(a) way. So the question is, whether the play bump offers a grotesque basis for Taymor s film or whether this is rather her own interpretation.In order to do that, I will prototypal define the concept of the grotesque, including its connotations and effects on the reader or the audition. Furthermore, I will pick out panoramas that adjudge my argument.To demonstrate the grotesque in the film I will depict and interpret three key views. The first image will be Lavinia s rape, in which Lavinia is assaulted by Chiron and Demetrius and gets her communicates and tongue cut off afterwards. In addition, I will present a scene, where a messenger delivers Titus Andronicus his own plenty and his sons heads. The last scene will submit with the stead, where Titus equipes up as a defecate and serves Tamora, his most dreaded enemy, and other(a)s her two sons that he killed and cooked earlier.1.2. Information on the Play and the FilmIn this section I would like to break out information on the play and on the film in short terms. Titus Andronicus, which is a reve nge play as already mentioned, was written by Shakespeare in the late 1580s and updated around 1593 . Sw rdh claims that there are still critics who are not sure whether the play was written by Shakespeare alone, since it is actually different from his other plays.Julie Taymor s film Titus was released in 1999 and failed at the box office although it was highly praised by critics. In her adaptation the story is set in Ancient capital of Italy moreover is mixed with raw elements, such as cars and firearms. In addition, in Taymor s framing of the Shakespearean play the boundary between reality and fable is crossed several times .This crossing of boundaries is a hint that Taymor uses the filmic mode in her adaptation. accord to Jorgens there are several modes that are used to survey the films relative distance from the language and conventions of the theatre . In Shakespeare on Film he introduces the theatrical, the realistic and the filmic mode.The theatrical mode looks like a th eatre military operation and involves the audience. at that place are a lot of medium and great uncertains used. The realistic mode, however, takes advantage of the tv camera s unique ability to verbalize us things . This for example includes close-ups.The filmic mode is the mode of the film poet, whose works bear the same relation to the surfaces of reality that poems do to ordinary conversation . That means that reality becomes insignifi supportt in the filmic mode and can be mixed up with elements of the unreal. In this mode many non-theatrical techniques which excessively include close-ups, long spears, several camera angle and movements. In Taymor s adaptation the reality is penetrated by fancy sequences that Taymor herself calls Penny Arcade Nightmares or short P.A.N.s. Two examples of the P.A.N.s will be discussed later in this writing.According to Jorgens, the filmic mode makes it possible for the directors not hardly to present what Shakespeare literally has wri tten in his plays but in like manner the subtext , which reveals the character feelings and thoughts between the lines of a play. In this paper I will show that the grotesque is what is hidden between the lines in Shakespeare s play and what is do positively visible in Taymor s film.2. The visionaryAccording to Thomson the concept of the grotesque changes from time to time and has gained importance only since the mid-fifties. However, the concept of the grotesque is old and was already used by poets as Dante and Ovid. The modern way to define the grotesque is to view it as a fundamentally ambivalent thing, as a violent clash of opposites Thomson argues that the grotesque is perpetually connected to the comic and the terrifying at the same time and that there is problem to decide whether something is funny (not only in the sense of comic but likewise in the sense of strange) or horror. This leads to an unresolved problem and the special impact of the grotesque will be lackin g if the conflict is resolved .Thus he offers the commentary that the grotesque is the unresolved clash of incompatibles in work and response .Something grotesque can also be named bizarre, absurd and macabre, which I think is also very common in both, the film and the play. One of the lines Titus says in the scene where he asks Aaron to cut off his hand is Lend me thy hand and I will relent thee mine (3.1.189). He asks Aaron to help him to cut off his hand and tells him that he will give him his hand when Aaron is done. This is a macabre situation because the fact that Titus is having his hand lopped off is very gruesome, but the line he is saying is funny (in the sense of comic) and this evokes two opposite feelings namely abhorrence and amusement which is, according to Thomson, the uncouth but abnormal reaction to the grotesque.Harpham puts the definition of the grotesque in different words when we use the word grotesque we record the sense that although our attention has b een arrested, our cause is unsatisfied . He also explains that the grotesque has always to do with the clash of two opposites, such as the known and the unknown or the perceived and the unnoticed . Although he agrees with Thomson concerning the reaction towards the grotesque, he elaborates more on the fact that the grotesque also depends on our own perception and interpretation of a certain issue. He argues that these two points (among others) play a crucial role in creating the sense of the grotesque .Yates also points out that in Greek mythology a grotesque prick was something that had human and animalistic body conk outs. This could be a person with the head of a bat, a plant with the teeth of an animal and so on. In Taymor s film, this definition of the grotesque is used several times. The most persistent envisage is that of Lavinia as a woman with the head of a doe. This comparison will be discussed later.In this paper, I will define a scene as grotesque if it matches T homson s definition. That means that I will analyse whether a scene is funny and terrifying at the same time in order to be called grotesque.3. The Original Titus Andronicus and Taymor s Adaptation3.1. Scene 1 Lavinia s transport3.1.1. The Main SceneThe scene starts with Tamora s sons entering with the ravished Lavinia in 2.4.1 in the play and their hysteric laughter in 6305 min in the film, final stage at line 55 and at 6619 min. This scene will be analyzed concerning camera movements, angles and framing, because this is very important for the interpretation of this scene.This scene was chosen as one of the grotesque scenes because Lavinia is presented in a very grotesque way. It is not only her looks but also the use of the camera and the melody that create this impression. All of these elements will be explained in this chapter.The rape scene begins with an extreme long centering of the two brothers laughing and moving around Lavinia, who is only shown from the back, being ob viously filmed after the rape and mutilation. It is filmed from a high angle and creates the image that the audience sees the scene from her point of view. There is also a hand-held camera used, which moves quickly and follows the two men (or rather boys) causing a jerky, ragged effect , which is very ofttimes used in the horror genre. In addition, the fact that Lavinia is only seen from behind arouses the feeling that something very uncomfortable is by-line.When Lavinia is at long last seen from bird-scarer view, a canted angle, suggesting imbalance , and a long shot are used, so that Lavinia s consentient body and her surroundings can be recognized. She starts moving, her face wreathing in pain. This adds to the grotesque impression of the whole scene. When Chiron and Demetrius digress we can see Marcus walking by the forest. As he sees Lavinia, he starts walking towards her. Here, a medium shot is used and the scene is filmed on eye level. The camera movement can be describ ed as a reverse dolly shot, which just follows the character that is filmed slowly and steadily. The camera starts zooming closer to Lavinia and when she opens her mouth, there is a medium shot showing her upper part of the body, which is followed by a close-up at Marcus s face.This whole second part of the scene with Marcus and Lavinia is shot at eye level. This is a contrast to the first part where Lavinia is filmed with Tamora s sons. It creates the impression that Marcus and Lavinia are at the same level. Marcus is devastated and pities Lavinia and you can see how much he loves his niece, so there is no imbalance or violence at all. Tamora s sons, however, hurt Lavinia and make fun of her afterwards. Moreover, the sweetie movements of the camera in the second part of the scene and the fast camera movements in the first part of the scene also aggravate this effect.In the film version, a lot of lines from the play have been left out in this scene. However, the words that Marcus s ays in the play are shown by the actors through facial expressions and movements of the body. In the play he says Alas, a crimson river of warm blood Doth rise and fall between thy rosed lips (2.3.22-2.3.24). These lines and the following monologue are left out in the film. But since Lavinia opens her mouth and the audience can actually see the blood, it is not necessary for Marcus to repeat that. The whole monologue where he regrets what happened to Lavinia is also do superfluous through the close-up at his face, which already has been described. At this moment, his facial expression demonstrates his distress and words are not necessary.Another important fact in this scene is that Lavinia is compared to a tree. Marcus says in the playSpeak gentle niece, what stern ungentle handsHath lopped and hewed and made thy body bareOf her two branches, those sweet ornaments (2.3.16-2.3.19)Here, Marcus uses a lot of expressions that have to do with wood and wood processing, which are branch es , lopped and hewed , thus comparing her body to a tree. When he finds Lavinia in the film version, branches have been plugged into her stumps. This creates a very grotesque impression. It is funny in the sense of strange, because it is a very uncommon picture and it is terrifying at the same time, if one thinks almost the pain that Lavinia must feel at this moment.Although this is not explicitly mentioned in the primary source, one could say that the play provides a basis for Taymor s interpretation because of the several comparisons to wood. Taymor also sets the scene that is described here in a place that actuates of a dead wood, because there are dead, black trees and stubs everywhere, surrounded by a lot of mud. In this scene Lavinia is also standing on a stub, which adds even more to Marcus s comparison of her as a tree, and her movements remind of a thin tree that is swaying in the wind.What is also worth mentioning is that earlier in the film, in the scene where Chiron and Demetrius kill Lavinia s husband Bassanius in front of her, the scene is set in a verdant forest. But after her rape the forest is dead, which could also be an allusion to the destruction of Lavinia and her chastity.Another hint that Lavinia s rape should be presented in a grotesque way is that fact that the incident that happened to her is often compared to Philomela s story. Harpham argues that the grotesque can also be put in the work of the Roman poet Ovid. Interestingly enough, Ovid s work is also used very often as a metaphor in Shakespeare s play. Marcus says later in the scene about his nieceA craftier Tereus, cousin, hast thou met,And he hath cut those pretty fingers off,That could have better sewed than Philomel.(2.3.41-2.3.43)Here, he compares Lavinia to Ovid s Philomela who is despoiled by King Tereus of Thrace and gets her tongue chopped off, as well. That comparison establishes a connection between the grotesque scene in Taymor s film and Shakespeare s play.Howeve r, according to Cartelli and Rowe, Taymor does not present Lavinia as Philomela but as Daphne, who is also one of the protagonists of Ovid s poems. Daphne was like Lavinia a chaste virgin. She was persecuted by Apollo who was madly in love with her and so she asked her laminitis Peneus, a river god, to change her shape in order to stop Apollo. Consequently, her father makeed Daphne into a tree. The picture of Lavinia as Daphne is even more strengthened when Young Lucius brings her wooden hands to replace hers.Another important argument is that Lavinia is constantly compared to an animal. In the scene where Aaron talks Chiron and Demetrius into raping Lavinia she is very often referred to as a doe. Aaron even says And strike her home by force, if not by words (1.1.618). According to the notes of this edition the word striking was used as a technical term for killing or wounding a deer . In Taymor s film, there is a P.A.N. that reflects this allusion, which will be discussed later i n this chapter.Thus, Lavinia is often compared to animals and to trees, but she is never regarded as a woman. Hanson argues that female composite figures are seen as sexual animals in Greek mythology. Lavinia is reduced to a sex sign (as would be called nowadays).Finally, one could say that Lavinia s rape scene which is depicted in a very grotesque way in the film is not explicitly grotesque in the play. However, Shakespeare provides a basis for the grotesque scene, by comparing Lavinia to a tree and to Philomela, whose story was perceived as grotesque, as well and by actually having her hands and tongue lopped off.3.2.2. Additional Scene Lavinia as doe womanThis scene cannot be found explicitly in Shakespeare s play. However, it is important for the scene that was described above and adds crucial information for the picture of Lavinia in the play. This very short scene is also one of the already mentioned Penny Arcade Nightmares . It starts at 9325 min and end at 9415 min.Starks a rgues that the P.A.N.s, which occur at strategic moments passim Titus, further interrogate the act of viewing horror . She adds that they are supposed to mix reality and imagination. Usually, in P.A.N. the characters try to reprocess something that has happened to them. But there is also always a nightmare element in these P.A.N.s.This P.A.N. happens parallel to the action in the play. It is the moment where Lavinia writes down the names of Chiron and Demetrius in the sand. The stage directions tell us that she takes a staff in her mouth, and guides it with her stumps, and writes (4.1.76). In the film the staff reminds of a phallic symbol (Lavinia is reduced to a sex symbol again) and the P.A.N. takes place while she writes.At the beginning she can be seen with the head of a doe on her head and with tigers jumping from both sides at her. There is a long shot used and the whole scene is shown in slow motion. The doe normally connected to innocence and weakness and one must involun tarily think of Walt Disney s Bambi. The tigers however are connected to strength and power. This shows that poor Lavinia had no chance to protect herself from the two brothers. The music in the background sounds psychedelic and is accompanied by Lavinia s grunts. The colours are mainly blue and black except for her white dress.Suddenly Lavinia looks scared and there are close-ups of her face and the faces of Chiron and Demetrius. The last shot shows Lavinia standing on a pedestal in a breeze in her white dress which reminds very much of Marilyn Monroe, who was a sex symbol in the 1950s. This comparison underscores the idea that Lavinia is reduced constantly to an object of desire in the play and in the film.This P.A.N. shows us what cannot be seen in the main scene. We can see how much Lavinia must have suffered and as Taymor puts it a bolt of electric shock seems to run through Lavinia s body . However, the comparison to Marilyn Monroe in that situation and the fast cuts that are put together in the P.A.N. create a very grotesque image.According to Cartelli and Rowe the arrangements in this scene are the same as in all the other P.A.N.s. The victim stands in the middle and is attacked from the left and the right side.Stark also connects the shot where Lavinia can be seen standing on a pedestal to the first shot after her rape. The idea is basically the same Lavinia is standing on a stump, wearing a white dress in a breeze. In this scene she seems to be the one who is put above all of the others but she is also the one who is humiliated in the mop way. However, the two shots evoke completely different feelings. After her rape the audiences is ball over by that shot and we pity Lavinia. But in the second shot the audience looks at her as an appealing woman, who is teasing with her movements, which adds a grotesque element to the whole Lavinia theme in the film. But, from our point of view her representation in the whole play is grotesque as well because of her constantly reduced role.3.2. Scene 2 Titus and many severed body partsThis scene will deal with Titus cutting off his hand with the aid of Aaron in order to trade it for the live of his sons. But Aaron tricks him and so, Titus only gets the heads of his two sons and his own hand at the end. In the play this scene starts in 3.1.151 and ends with line 206, going on from 3.1.235 until line 241. In the film the scene starts at 7519 min, goes on until 7800 min and continues from 8019 min to 8421 min. The part in between is not connected closely to the scene and will be left out.In this scene hands play again an important role. Lavinia loses her hands after the rape and cannot be an independent person anymore. In this scene the meaning of hands becomes even more evident. According to Katherine Rowe the hand is perceived as a separate part of the body, which controls the material world. She argues that the hand is the body part most often associated with intentional, effective action . Even Aristotle discussed the importance of hands and claimed that the hand is the instrument of instruments . According to Rowe, the Greek philosopher Galen continued Aristotle s thought and insist that the hand not only is the supreme instrument but also a tool that uses tools .In the play there are often allusions made to the hand and it is associated with many different adjectives and attributes. It is called victorious, noble, idle and so on. What is also interesting is that the hand is the one that gets credited for several deeds. In this scene for example Lucius says to his fatherStay father, for that noble hand of thineThat hath thrown down so many enemiesShall not be sent.(3.1.163-3.1.165)Thus, it is the ultimate punishment to lose a hand and turn into a person, who cannot be independent anymore. But still, Titus does not hesitate to give his hand for his sons lives, even though the thought of cutting it off must be horrible. This is the part of the scene, which fulfil s the criterion of being terrifying in order to be grotesque. The funny part (this time in the sense of comic) is fulfilled by what is tell by Titus. He tells Aaron Lend me thy hand and I will give thee mine (3.1.188) Titus is actually making a joke in this very serious, potentially life-threatening situation.This creates an image of something grotesque and this is also how Taymor presents the scene in her film. This part of the scene is set in a kitchen. Here, the grotesque is very explicit, because Titus enters the kitchen with Aaron, takes away the cook s carving board, which she just used to chop vegetables, lays down his hand and lets him cut it off with a cleaver. It is a comic situation because the severed hand looks unreal as if it is elastic and because there is no blood at all, but still the thought of the pain that one must suffer acquiring his hand lopped off and Titus s facial expression, create a feeling of horror, which is supported by a close-up at Titus s face.The use of the camera and the shoot techniques do not have as much importance in this scene as in the scene discussed in chapter 3.1. However, it is noticeable that Aaron talks without delay to the camera several times, which is called a face-on tracking shot. This creates the effect that he is directly addressing the audience and he usually does that, when he is supposed to say something aside in the stage directions of the play.However, what is more important is the use of music in this scene. When Aaron and Titus walk to the kitchen to cut Titus s hand off, a lot of trumpets, horns and string players can be heard. The music sounds aggressive, frightening and loud and fits to the determined walk of the two characters and their speed. When Aaron leaves the kitchen with the hand and starts talking to the camera, the music changes and jazzy sounds can be heard. This again underlines the words that are said and helps turning the mood from frightening to comic.The second part of the scen e is even more grotesque, because Taymor once again mixes modern elements with those from the Roman Empire. Guneratne puts it in the following words a derelict biker-clown pulls a wagon functioning as a mobile arcade and, after dancing grotesquely about and manically promoting his show like a demented carny barker, he unveils the severed heads of Titus s two sons and the hand Titus severed to ransom them .This scene is described as a P.A.N. by Taymor herself. According to Cartelli and RoweThe penny arcade evokes the carnivalesque atmosphere of a fair or beachside entertainment zone given over to casual meandering among games of chance, fortune tellers, tattoo parlours, and overstuffed displays of cheap prizes and merchandise .This quote implies that what you usually can see in such a circumstance is meaningless and just used as entertainment, but seeing the heads of one s own two sons has actually nothing to do with entertainment and cheap prizes , which add to the grotesque effe ct. Cartelli and Rowe continue that the P.A.N.s also demonstrate nightmare and let the characters relive what has happened to them before. However, the P.A.N described here is different, since it reflects a situation that is actually going on and not just a dream of one of the characters This still life P.A.N. signals the turn in the play where the nightmares are now reality and madness can be confused with sanity .To underline the grotesque picture of the messenger Taymor also changes his character. In the play he seems to be compassionate, talking to Andronicus about his father s death. But in the film, he seems to be uninterested in what he is saying, as if he is quoting something he, himself, has no stake in . The way he delivers his massage supports the grotesque in the film. However, in this short part Taymor did not take the play as a basis for her interpretation.In this whole scene the comic element is presented at first by the clown and the little girl. The music, that is played, sounds like circus music and stops abruptly as the clown pulls up the roller shutter. The effect is that the audience is shocked and terrified, since the two heads of the sons, which look fairly unreal and disgusting, swimming in a red fluid, put in a dirty glass cover, are finally visible for everyone.This is already very grotesque but it becomes even more grotesque when Titus asks Lavinia to take his dead, severed hand in her badly injured mouth. The picture of the raped and mutilated girl with the dishevelled hair and the hand in her mouth makes her look like a dog, which is a very disturbing thought.Finally, one could say that this is also a scene, where the play offers a grotesque basis for Taymor s version. Marcus suggests that Titus should rant but instead of ranting Titus starts laughing. This is a reaction, which is not expect by the reader and turns the situation into something uncommon. In addition, the moment where Lavinia shall take her father s hand and carry i t in her mouth is really happening in the play and Taymor takes Titus s request literally. The effect of this scene is stronger in the film than in the play, because watching Lavinia taking the hand is much more disturbing than translation it.3.3. Scene 3 Titus, the CookThe last scene that will be discussed in this paper starts in 5.3.26 and ends with line 65. In the film the scene goes from 13830 min to 14430 min. In this scene, the grotesque can be found everywhere. It is grotesque how the cakes containing the two dead sons are presented. It is grotesque how Titus kills his own young lady and how all of the protagonists are stabbed with a knife, a spoon and a candleholder. The music, the camera angles and filming techniques everything in this scene seems grotesque.This analysis will begin with the filming techniques. right off at the beginning of the scene there is a close-up at the two pies that Titus made out of Chiron s and Demetrius bodies, cooling down on a windowsill. The re is vivid, friendly, jazzy music play in the background and the curtains are moving slowly because of the wind. This picture evokes the feeling that some lovely housewife who lives in a cosy home, made these delicious looking pies for her family.But of course, this is not the case and the knowledge of the two dead human beings inside that pies cause feelings of disgust and agitation. As soon as the guests including Tamora, Saturnius, Lucius, Marcus and others are seated Titus brings in one of the pies and cuts it. The first peace is for Tamora and inside the pie looks bloody and raw, once again creating disgust. The whole scene is shot at eye level and most frequently there are medium shots and close-ups used to show the characters.However, when everyone starts eating there are several extreme close-ups at their mouths chewing with pieces of the pie sticking between their teeth. Wilson argues that these kinds of shots are supposed to cause dramatic effect . Looking at these peopl e chewing raises the feeling of disgust even more.What is also remarkable is the use of the camera in the very last seconds of the scene. When Lucius puts a spoon in Saturnius mouth and feeds it into him until he suffocates, the scene is short shown in slow motion and finally comes to a complete stop. Suddenly, Lucius is the only one that can move. He spits at Saturnius and shoots him afterwards.Finally, the scene is over and the rest of the characters are standing in the coliseum. My suggestion is that these last seconds are used in order to point out Lucius s role. He is the only child of Titus who all in all lost one daughter and 23 sons that is still alive. Lucius makes not only an end to the scene but also to the whole violence and revenge, and becomes the new Emperor afterwards.Music and sounds in general are also very important in this scene. They underline the action in the film and support the use of the camera. When the very beautifully looking Lavinia enters the room th e music changes and there is a quite orchestra in the background. As soon as Titus says that she must die it starts getting louder and when he breaks her neck, which is highlighted by a creaky sound, the music gets very loud and dramatic. A few seconds later there is again a change. When Titus stabs Tamora the cushiony music changes after a short moment and becomes aggressive. Now, rock music is used and is played until the ends of the scene. The rock music underlines the chaos that is breaking out at this moment and since everything goes very fast from there adds to the perplexity that the audience experiences after the end of the scene.Here, Lavinia is once more reduced to an animal. The way her father breaks her neck reminds more of wounded sparrow then of a woman or even a child. Again, Lavinia is compared to a historical figure. Titus alludes to Virginius who killed his daughter Virginia because she was deflowered (5.3.38). What is shocking is that in this scene he kills Lavin ia not because of her pain or shame but because he cannot bear looking at her and because he has already cried so much because of her pain. As always Lavinia is not regarded as a woman but as something that is there to serve men.An interesting point in this scene is the connection of the character Titus to Hopkins s role as Hannibal Lecter in The Silence of the Lambs. In this film Hopkins played a cannibal and in Titus he once again turns into one, when he serves the cakes. This adds a comic element and once again strengthens the grotesque impression of the whole scene. Cartelli and Rowe also observe that Hopkins sucks in his spit before slitting Chiron and Demetrius s throats , which is also usually connected to his role a Lecter and which happens shortly before the scene described here.Starks connects this last scene to the opening scene of the film and calls it a grotesque burlesque of the opening frame of Young Lucius (Osheen Jones) playing with ketchup-blood on the kitchen tab le . In the first scene of the film a boy can be seen playing with toy soldiers and other figures in a kitchen, wearing a paper bulge on his head. Hinz describes the setting as a typical American kitchen of the 1950s and read the paper bag as a symbol for the thin wall between real and imagined violence . The picture of the boy with the paper bag on his head is comic but disturbing considering his violent game and thus grotesque.Young Lucius is a character who really exists in the play but in Taymor s adaptation his role is interpreted by a boy who acts as the audience. He appears in every scene described in this paper and has influence on the film. In this scene, or rather after this scene and after his father being elected as the new Emperor, Lucius leaves the Coliseum with Aaron s and Tamora s baby on his arm, which, according to Hinz, hints at the end of violence between the Romans and the Goths.4. ConclusionIn this term paper it has been shown that violence is inured as some thing grotesque in Taymor s adaptations of Titus Andronicus. First of all, the term the grotesque has been defined and afterwards three scenes were chosen from the film and interpreted. Whether a scene is grotesque or not has been analysed according to Thomson s criteria.Finally the film scenes have been compared to the corresponding scenes in the play. Camera angles, camera movements, the gestures of the characters, the music and of course the text is what was taken into consideration during the analysis of the film.What has been pointed out in this paper is that the play offers a grotesque basis for Taymor s interpretation. It was not only presented very explicitly through the actions of the characters but also hinted at by the stage directions, by the actual text (e.g. through the use of metaphors and allusions to Greek mythology) and t

Strategies for Vicarious Trauma

Strategies for Vicarious TraumaFrances RouletVicarious Trauma and compassion Fatigue superior Quality of Life, ProQOL 5.The ProQOL 5 was an easy and short-timed instrument to respond to. Based on the responses and personal scores the results were given as fol meeksCompassion Satisfaction 47 broad(prenominal)Burnout 15 LowSecondary Trauma Stress 19 LowThe obtained scores in this instrument revealed that in the subscale of Compassion Satisfaction indicated a 47 score, which means that there is a high take of satisfaction in deriving pleasure of being able to do my work, and perceive high level of pleasure in helping others through my work.In the Burnout sub-scale indicated a 15 score, which means there is a low level of elements of compassion fatigue associated with feelings of hopelessness and difficulties in dealing with work or doing effectively my job.On the other hand, the subscale of Secondary Traumatic Stress scored 19 points, which means there is a low possibility of develop ing problems due to the exposure to others extreme or traumatic events is low, therefore, there is no real secondary exposure symptoms interference. both areas to prevent and avoid vicarious trauma.Although, the over on the whole results of this instrument indicated a very good handle of my professional quality of life, there is two areas where I hope there should be preventive measure to avoid developing and suffering from vicarious trauma. And, even though, these subscales are under control, they are exposed and can progress to a mayor problem to me if they are unattended. These areas are burnout and compassion satisfaction. I selected compassion satisfaction because if the environment where I work is not adequate or not supportive (referring to the administrative system) or if the lack of personal or professional satisfaction provokes feelings of restlessness or not being productive because I begin to feel bored. There is no sense in working in a place where there is no meanin g or being productive, therefore, there is not satisfaction in working. Then, I begin to have an internal struggle where I end up feeling electronegative effects, such(prenominal) as, hopelessness and difficulties in dealing with the lack of internal motivation and performing my job effectively. If there is no challenge and space for growth. The feeling that your driving is worth nothing or makes no difference it would push me to the limits.Justification of two strategies to avoid vicarious trauma.According to Bride, Radey Figley (2007) in their investigation indicated that there is a high prevalence level of trauma exposure within the general population, social workers encounter high level of professional contact with traumatized clients. In their investigation the general population indicated that a lifetime prevalence of exposure to traumatic events was identified from a 40 percent to an 81 percent. Moreover, the clients from outpatient mental health report within their informa tion history of exposure to traumatic events, and these were from an 82 percent to a 94 percent along with a 31 percent to a 42 percent classifying with criteria for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Bride, Radey Figley, 2007). According to Bride, Radey Figley (2007) and their findings clinicians should be spending more time in getting involved in leisure, self-care among other activities, such as spirituality activities, in order to enhance quality of life. Indeed, the need of disengagement strategies becomes one of the most important strategies in order to proceed in a positive manner (Figley, 1995). For example, setting the boundaries in your work environment, setting up rituals, such as utilizing music and humor or using motivational breaks during the day. Utilizing self-statements, such as, it is not my problem or responsibilities, tomorrow will be another day, among others (Gerding, 2012). Furthermore, using strategies to gain a sense of productiveness and achievement, in whic h the clinician sets-up possible standards goals, trust colleagues assessments, tolerance setbacks and make self-statements, such as under the circumstances I did my best or I can only do so much. Subsequently, you can also use the strategies for health and stress reduction, in which we can require adequate rest and relaxation, eat healthy and exercise (Figley, 1995). Last that not least of the strategies, you may build a sense of satisfaction by reviewing life and asking yourself where am I now, where do I start and where will I end my career. Procedure of desensitization of trauma, may be used in order to better access entrepot (Figley, 1995).Controlled empathy influence the development of vicarious trauma.The vicarious trauma syndrome can be developed by anyone in the helping field. It characterizes by a set of symptoms that uses controlled empathy maculation being exposed to listening or seeing traumatic events. Izzo Carpell-Miller (2009) discussed in their article the impo rtance of controlled empathy, these researchers explained that controlled empathy is being used as an instrument to empower knowingness around and its the neurological act upon that contributes to the syndrome of vicarious trauma. For example, when a person is listening to a traumatic event, the brain and the body can be spy that it is not calm, they manifest non-verbal communication. The person listening is absorbing all type of shocking communication, nevertheless, their response is constrained and directed to aid the person who is in painfulness and suffering.Although, there are two types of empathy, known as controlled empathy and automatic empathy, they are not the same because they have different neurological work out in the brain. Controlled empathy process is simply automatic empathy interrupted, that affects the professionals physiological, cognitions, emotions and spiritual health (Hodges Wegner, 1997 Izzo Carpell-Miller, 2009). The brain pattern perceived by an acti vation of the visual cortex, as the listener hears the traumatic events he/she begins to look the events as if they are actual protagonists of the event (Hodges Wegner, 1997 Izzo Carpell-Miller, 2009). The process occurring in the brain at the present time is that the right hemisphere of the brain activates mirrors neurons, which automatically accrue routing itself to the left side of the brain, but other brain chemicals hold them back. This process occurs internally and manifests in the behaviors of the professionals, when she/he remains calm, cool and collected in precedent of the client.Basically therapeutic empathy may develop a paradox, because the client wished to be understood, seen and accepted. Strategically controlling the attention of the client becomes essential within discourse process.But, ceaseless controlled empathy can also be hurtful provoking a counterintuitive for each and one of us. When a therapist recognizes that empathy hurts, the clients has been obse rved how their conflicts has affected them in all aspects, and also how these continue to play throughout the therapeutic relationship and the clients life. Once the therapist empathy seems to be compromised and getting in the way of treatment progress, therefore, therapist affective attunement begins to play a role in the present relationship. The therapist must recognize a disruption in the interpersonal process between the client and therapist, and addressing what has happened. The main therapeutic idea here is to change the therapeutic conversation from whatever issue was being addressed to focus on the immediate experience of engagement with the therapist. Otherwise, this disengagement can cause interpersonal disruption and trauma.ReferencesBride, B., Radey, M. Figley, C. (2007). Measuring compassion fatigue. Clinical Social Work Journal, 35(3) 155163.Figley, C. R. (1995). Compassion fatigue Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized. Ne w York Brunner/Mazel.Gerding, A. (2012). Prevention of Vicarious Trauma Are coping strategies comely? Master of Social Work Clinical Research. http//sophia.stkate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027context=msw_papers .Izzo, E. Carpell-Miller, V. (2009). Vicarious trauma The impact of controlled empathy. http//www.selfgrowth.com/print/588454.Hodges, S. Wegner, D. (1997). Automatic and controlled empathy. In Ickes, W. J. Empathic accuracy. Pp. 311-339. New York Guilford.

Night :: essays research papers

Night Paper Night is told by Eliezer, a Judaic teenager who lives in the town of Sighet, in Hungarian Transylvania. Eliezer studies the Torah. His study is stopped, when his teacher, Moshe the Beadle, gets deported. Few months later, Moshe returns to Siget telling a horrifying story that the Gestapo took control of his train and led e reallyone into the woods, where they killed everyone. Nobody believes Moshe and he is flashn for a crazy lunatic. In the spring of 1944, the Nazis occupied Hungary. The Jews of Eliezers town argon forced into small houses within their town. Soon they are compose into cattle cars, and afterward days and nights crammed into the car, they are all exhausted and near starvation, they arrive at Birkenau, the gateway to Auschwitz. Upon their arrival, Eliezer and his mother are separated from his mother and sisters, which they never see again. Eliezer and his father seem to pass the evaluation whether they should be killed or put to work, besides before they are brought to the prisoners barracks, they stumble upon the a pit where the Nazis are burning babies. The Jewish arrivals are stripped, shaved and treated with cruelty. Later the Nazis took them from Birkenau to the main concentration camp, Auschwitz. They got to Buna, a work camp, where Eliezer is put to work in an -electrical-fittings factory. The guard forces Eliezer to give him his gold tooth, which they take out with a gold spoon. Eliezer begins to lose his faith in God. A couple moths later, Eliezer has an operation on his foot. While he is in the camp, the Nazis evacuated the camp because the Russians are charging and are close freeing Buna. In a blizzard, the prisoners are forced to run for fifty miles to the Gleiwitz concentration camp. Many died because of the horrible weather and exhaustion. The prisoners are put into cattle cars again and lead on another deadly journey, but only few lived after they reached the concentration camp, Buchenwald. Eliezer and his fathe r survived by staying together but in Buchenwald, Eliezers father dies of physical abuse. Eliezer survives until the day that the American army liberates the camp. Eliezer struggles with his faith in Night. At the beginning of the book, his faith in God is very strong and when he was asked why he prays, he relpies, Why did I live?

History of Computer Animation :: Computers Animation Essays

History of Computer AnimationTo look at him, you would not think that Phil Tippett is the source of some of the most horrific and terrifying monsters ever witnessed by the human race. A quite normal-looking man of average height, with thinning grey hair, he has been at the forefront of movie verve for almost three decades. Phil Tippett is one of the greatest animators of all time, starting off with the age-old techniques of stop-motion and then moving on to the good computer generated wizardry of today. I chose to write roughly him because I greatly admire the work he had done in the industry and he has witnessed prime(prenominal) hand the technological advances that have occurred during the course of his career. I am also interested in him because as well as being involved in the field of cgi special effects (a career which I also wish to pursue), he was also closely involved in the ground-breaking (for the time) special effects and animation in the Star Wars Trilogy, which hap pens to be another love of mine.Born in 1951 in Illinois, Tippett has had a womb-to-tomb fascination with the art of animation. During his childhood he was transfixed by films such as King Kong and Jason and the Argonauts. He was fascinated by the surreal images in these movies and wanted to know how they were achieved. He went to his local library to investigate the subject and discovered the principles of stop motion. One of his favourite childhood hobbies was to make stop motion films with his fathers old movie camera. Tippett had been a lifelong devotee of stop motion as practiced by masters like Willis OBrien in King Kong (1933) and Ray Harryhausen in The 7th sail of Sinbad (1958) and Jason and the Argonauts (1963). Stop motion was, and still is an intricate, painstaking art in which animators pose and photograph miniature figures frame by frame. He wasnt alone. Just about every top animator or effects man today has favorite Harryhausen figurines, such as the part-rhino, pa rt-centaur Cyclops, the serpent woman, and the two-headed Roc bird from Sinbad or, from Jason, the harpies that are a nonplus between gargoyles and pterodactyls, and the seven-headed Hydra and its spawn (ILM). In traditional stop motion (still practiced by Henry Selick in marvels like The Nightmare Before Christmas and jam and the Giant Peach), the camera records a series of subtly different poses rather than actual shifting, so the resulting flow of images is inherently surreal -- ultra-sharp and jerky.

Indecision, Hesitation and Delay in Shakespeares Hamlet - Procrastinat

Hamlet the Hesitation and Indecision Is there a plausible explanation for the hesitation by Hamlet in carrying out the ghosts request in Shakespeares Hamlet? Lawrence Danson in the essay Tragic Alphabet discusses the hesitation in action by the hero this is related to his hesitation in expression To speak or act in a world where wholly speech and action are equivocal seeming is, for Hamlet, both perilous and demeaning, a kind of whoring. The whole vexed question of Hamlets delay ought, I believe, to be considered in light of this dilemma. To a man alienated from his societys most basic symbolic modes, who finds all speech and action absolute seeming and hypocritical playing, comes an imperious demand to speak and act to express himself in deed his fathers son. The ghosts stress upon rite modes indicates that the expression demanded must not be just a kind of wild justice, but an expression ordered and meaningful. Hamlets difficulties at the linguistic level his puns and antic disposition, the lack of commensurate values between him and the rest of the court are reflected in his difficulties at the level of action (72). In Acts lead and IV Problems of Text and Staging Ruth Nevo explains how the protagonist is confounded in both the prayer picture and the closet scene In the prayer scene and the closet scene his Hamlets devices are overthrown. His mastery is confounded by the inherent liability of human reason to jump to conclusions, to fail to distinguish seeming from being. He, of all people, is trapped in the fatal deceptive maze of appearances that is the phenomenal world. Never perhaps has the minds finitude been better dramatized than in the praye... ...xcerpted from Stories from Shakespeare. N. p. E. P. Dutton, 1956. Danson, Lawrence. Tragic Alphabet. new(a) Critical Interpretations Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. raw(a) York Chelsea House, 1986. Rpt. from Tragic Alphabet Shakespeares Drama of Language. N. p. Yale University Press, 1974. Le vin, Harry. General Introduction. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974. Nevo, Ruth. Acts III and IV Problems of Text and Staging. Modern Critical Interpretations Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Rpt. from Tragic Form in Shakespeare. N.p. Princeton University Press, 1972. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http//www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html No line nos.